Saturday 28 October 2017
Thursday 12 May 2016
Bangla Font Problem Fix for Mozilla Firefox
Step 1: Go to firefox Option, click on Content menu, then click on Advanced (In short: Option > Content > Advanced).
Step 2: After clicking Advanced a new popup will open & there you will find 5 options for selecting fonts. Select them as I mention or see the screenshot below for better understanding.
- Fonts for: Select “Bengali”.
- Proportional: Select “Sans Serif”.
- Serif: Select “Kalpurush”.
- Sans-serif: Select “Siyam Rupali”.
- Monospace: Select “Siyam Rupali”.
Step 3: After selecting fonts correctly, now hit the OK button & you are done!
Software download: https://www.omicronlab.com/bangla-fonts.html
Saturday 8 February 2014
Top 100 Interview Questions for Network Engineers
Q1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs?
Ans. 10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
Ans. 10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.
Q2. What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open?
Ans. An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.
Ans. An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.
Q3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block.
Ans. A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.
Ans. A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.
Q4. What is a Management Information Base (MIB)?
Ans. A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device’s status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.
Ans. A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device’s status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.
Q5. What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?
Ans. Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user’s ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.
Ans. Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user’s ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.
Q6. What is a pseudo tty?
Ans. A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.
Ans. A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.
Q7. Which layer of the 7 layer model provides services to the Application layer over the Session layer connection?
Ans. Presentation.
Ans. Presentation.
Q8. What does the Mount protocol do?
Ans. The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of aclient’s request.
Ans. The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of aclient’s request.
Q9. What is External Data Representation?
Ans. External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.
Ans. External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.
Q10. Which OSI Reference Layer controls application to application communication?
Ans. Session
Ans. Session
Q11. BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the network looking for its IP address and the location of its operating system boot files ?
Ans. BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.
Ans. BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.
Q12. What is a DNS resource record?
Ans. A resource record is an entry in a name server’s database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.
Ans. A resource record is an entry in a name server’s database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.
Q13. What protocol is used by DNS name servers?
Ans. DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.
Ans. DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.
Q14. What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways?
Ans. Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.
Ans. Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.
Q15. What is the HELLO protocol used for?
Ans. The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.
Ans. The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.
Q16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables?
Ans. The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine’s table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table’s contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change.
Ans. The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine’s table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table’s contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change.
Q17. What is a characteristic of Store and Forward switches?
Ans. They read the entire frame and check CRC before forwarding.
Ans. They read the entire frame and check CRC before forwarding.
Q18. What is source route?
Ans. It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
Ans. It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
Q19. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
Ans. It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
Ans. It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
Q20. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?
Ans. It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
Ans. It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
Q21. What is Proxy ARP?
Ans. It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
Ans. It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
Q22. What is OSPF?
Ans. It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet’s topology to make accurate routing decisions.
Ans. It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet’s topology to make accurate routing decisions.
Q23. What is Kerberos?
Ans. It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
Ans. It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
Q24. What is a Multi-homed Host?
Ans. It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addressesis called as a Multi-homed Host.
Ans. It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addressesis called as a Multi-homed Host.
Q25. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
Ans. It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.
Ans. It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.
Q26. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
Ans. It is a protocol formerly
used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
Ans. It is a protocol formerly
used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
Q27. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
Ans. It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
Ans. It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
Q28. What is autonomous system?
Ans. It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
Ans. It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
Q29. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
Ans. It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
Ans. It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
Q30. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
Ans. It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
Ans. It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
Q31. What is Mail Gateway?
Ans. It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail deliveryprotocols.
Ans. It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail deliveryprotocols.
Q32. What is wide-mouth frog?
Ans. Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.
Ans. Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.
Q33. What are Digrams and Trigrams?
Ans. The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
Ans. The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
Q34. What is silly window syndrome?
Ans. It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
Ans. It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
Q35. What is region?
Ans. When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
Ans. When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
Q36. What is multicast routing?
Ans. Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
Ans. Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
Q37. What is traffic shaping?
Ans. One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate,congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
Ans. One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate,congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
Q38. What is packet filter?
Ans. Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
Ans. Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
Q39. What is virtual path?
Ans. Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
Ans. Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
Q40. What is virtual channel?
Ans. Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
Ans. Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
Q41. What is logical link control?
Ans. One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.
Ans. One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.
Q42. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
Ans. It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
Ans. It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
Q43. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
Ans. Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router.
Ans. Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router.
Q44. What is MAU?
Ans. In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
Ans. In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
Q45. Explain 5-4-3 rule?
Ans. In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
Ans. In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
Q46. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
Ans. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
Ans. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
Q47. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
Ans. Class A 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 – 247.255.255.255
Ans. Class A 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 – 247.255.255.255
Q48. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
Ans. The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
Ans. The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
Q49. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
Ans. The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
Ans. The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
Q50. What is ICMP?
Ans. ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
Ans. ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
Q51. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
Ans. The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.
Ans. The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.
Q52. What is Project 802?
Ans. It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.
Ans. It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.
It consists of the following:
- 802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.
- 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
- Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
- 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
Q53. What is Bandwidth?
Ans. Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
Ans. Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
Q54. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Ans. Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
Ans. Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
Q55. What is MAC address?
Ans. The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
Ans. The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
Q56. What is attenuation?
Ans. The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
Ans. The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
Q57. What is cladding?
Ans. A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
Ans. A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
Q58. What is RAID?
Ans. A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
Ans. A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
Q59. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?
Ans. NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.
Ans. NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.
Q60. What is redirector?
Ans. Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
Ans. Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
Q61. What is Beaconing?
Ans. The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
Ans. The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
Q62. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?
Ans. Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.
Ans. Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.
Q63. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
Ans. Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
Ans. Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
Q64. What do you meant by “triple X” in Networks?
Ans. The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called “triple X”
Ans. The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called “triple X”
Q65. What is SAP?
Ans. Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.
Ans. Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.
Q66. What is subnet?
Ans. A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
Ans. A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
Q67. What is Brouter?
Ans. Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
Ans. Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
Q68. How Gateway is different from Routers?
Ans. A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.
Ans. A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.
Q69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
Ans. Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Ans. Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
Q70. What is mesh network?
Ans. A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
Ans. A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
Q71. What is passive topology?
Ans. When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology – linear bus.
Ans. When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology – linear bus.
Q72. What are the important topologies for networks?
Ans. BUS topology:
Ans. BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
Q73. What are major types of networks and explain Server-based network and Peer-to-peer network.
Ans. Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
Q74. What is Protocol Data Unit?
Ans. The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I -frame) or a supervisory frame (S – frame) or a unnumbered frame (U – frame).
Ans. The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I -frame) or a supervisory frame (S – frame) or a unnumbered frame (U – frame).
Q75. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
Ans. In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
Ans. In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
Q76. What are the possible ways of data exchange?
Ans. (i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
Ans. (i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
Q77. What are the types of Transmission media?
Ans. Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
Ans. Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
Q78. Difference between the communication and transmission.
Ans. Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc.
Ans. Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.
Q79.The Internet Control Message Protocol occurs at what layer of the seven layer model?
Ans. Network
Ans. Network
Q80.Which protocol resolves an IP address to a MAC address?
Ans. ARP
Ans. ARP
Q81.MIDI and MPEG are examples of what layer of the OSI seven layer model?
Ans. Presentation
Ans. Presentation
Q82.What is the protocol number for UDP?
Ans. 17
Ans. 17
Q83.Which protocol is used for booting diskless workstations?
Ans. RARP
Ans. RARP
Q84.Which layer is responsible for putting 1s and 0s into a logical group?
Ans. Physical
Ans. Physical
Q85.What does ‘P’ mean when running a Trace?
Ans. Protocol unreachable
Ans. Protocol unreachable
Q86.UDP works at which layer of the DOD model?
Ans. Host to Host
Ans. Host to Host
Q87.What is the default encapsulation of Netware 3.12?
Ans. 802.2
Ans. 802.2
Q88.Ping uses which Internet layer protocol?
Ans. ICMP
Ans. ICMP
Q89.Which switching technology can reduce the size of a broadcast domain?
Ans. VLAN
Ans. VLAN
Q90.What is the first step in data encapsulation?
Ans. User information is converted into data.
Ans. User information is converted into data.
Q91.What is the protocol number for TCP?
Ans. 6
Ans. 6
Q92.What do you use the Aux port for?
Ans. Modem
Ans. Modem
Q93.Repeaters work at which layer of the OSI model?
Ans. Physical
Ans. Physical
Q94.WAN stands for which of the following?
Ans. Wide Area Network
Ans. Wide Area Network
Q95.What ISDN protocol specifies concepts, terminology, and services?
Q96.LAN stands for which of the following?
Ans. Local Area Network
Q97.DHCP stands for
Ans. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Ans. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Q98.What does the acronym ARP stand for?
Ans. Address Resolution Protocol
Ans. Address Resolution Protocol
Q99.Which layer is responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of the intended communication partner?
Ans. Application.
Ans. Application.
Q100.Which OSI layer provides mechanical, electrical, procedural for activating, maintaining physical link?
Ans. Physical.
Ans. Physical.
Source: google
Friday 3 January 2014
What is Craigslist and How Does Craigslist Work
Craigslist:
Post Craigslist Listings:
Craigslist Questions :
What is PVA?
Ans: phone verified account (US/Canada/UK)
What is IP?
Ans: Deification place
Which types of IP we r used?
Ans: socks escort
How many types IP we r use? EX?
Ans: a.Hide my ass
b.Socks escort
How many section have in craigslist
Ans: Nine section
What is lead ?
Ans:Lead means reply
What is deduction ?
Ans: Discount (10%)
What is filted?
Ans: Fulter korla cl er lead inbox a asba R habi jabi sob trust a jaba.
What is non-pva?
Ans: Phone number chara jara kaj kora.
What is flag
Ans: Ji add post howar por cl er list a asa AND shata shata delate hoya jay.
What is goust?
Ans: ji add post korar por o,cl er list a thaka na.
PVA types?
Ans: E-voice pva
Skype number forward pva
Mobile number forward pva
Craigslist has a larger and more comprehensive scale than other classified ad pages. It is immensely popular because it is mostly free and works for many users. As of this writing there are more than 700 locations in more than 70 countries, according to the site, and it gets 30 billion page views per month and has an estimated 50 million users just in the U.S.
Create a Craigslist Account:
Post listings without a Craigslist account, but it is much easier to keep track of them with an account. Click the "My Account" link in the upper left of the page and then follow the prompts to create account. It's free. And email address will not be released.
View Craigslist Listings:
Return to the Craigslist main page and see what it has to offer. Click on whatever link appeals. It will take to listings starting with the latest one posted. Some listings will provide phone numbers, but most will provide a link to a Craigslist email address.
Post Craigslist Listings:
Return to the Craigslist main page in area. Click on the "post to classifieds" link in the upper left. Pick the category where you want to put your listing, then choose a sub-category. Enter the information, upload pictures if you want and then post it. Craigslist will forward you email from people interested in your listing.
What Happens to Craigslist Listings:
It takes a few minutes for listings to appear on Craigslist. Those that break the rules are removed. Otherwise, classifieds run for 1 week then are automatically taken down. Resumes, jobs, and gigs are listed for 30 days and events are listed until the event's date expires. You are welcome to re-post an ad once the old listing expires. You are not allowed to post identical listings at the same time nor are you allowed to post the same listing in multiple areas. Understand that your listing will move lower on the list as time passes. You are not permitted to re-post the listing just to get higher on the list.
Craigslist Fees:
Almost everything on Craigslist is free. There are a few exceptions, however. As of this writing, job posts in the San Francisco Bay Area cost $75. Job posts in Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Orange County, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Sacramento, San Diego, Seattle, South Florida, and Washington DC cost $25. Brokered apartment rental listings in New York cost $10. There is no cost to respond to these listings.
Spam and Warnings:
Many Craigslist ads are actually spam. If you click on a jobs category, you will see a warning that you should pay attention to that will help you learn how to not get scammed. Also beware -- especially with personals -- that not only are some of the language and pictures posted there quite questionably tasteful and even potentially pornographic, some individuals with malicious intent -- such as the famed Craigslist Killer Phillip Markoff -- have used the site and its ads to hurt and even kill others.
Source: ehow[doc]com
What is PVA?
Ans: phone verified account (US/Canada/UK)
What is IP?
Ans: Deification place
Which types of IP we r used?
Ans: socks escort
How many types IP we r use? EX?
Ans: a.Hide my ass
b.Socks escort
How many section have in craigslist
Ans: Nine section
What is lead ?
Ans:Lead means reply
What is deduction ?
Ans: Discount (10%)
What is filted?
Ans: Fulter korla cl er lead inbox a asba R habi jabi sob trust a jaba.
What is non-pva?
Ans: Phone number chara jara kaj kora.
What is flag
Ans: Ji add post howar por cl er list a asa AND shata shata delate hoya jay.
What is goust?
Ans: ji add post korar por o,cl er list a thaka na.
PVA types?
Ans: E-voice pva
Skype number forward pva
Mobile number forward pva
Wednesday 13 November 2013
Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop (Live Piano/Vocal Cover) Skyla Rayne
http://www.youtube.com/v/5NYVjoVxW6I?version=3&autohide=1&feature=share&autoplay=1&autohide=1&attribution_tag=hcyHTkhC5PKnLKF8-wLtqQ&showinfo=1
Miley Cyrus, skyle Rayne
Miley Cyrus, skyle Rayne
Monday 8 April 2013
Entrepreneur
Entrepreneur:
An entrepreneur is one who organizes a new business venture in the hopes of making a profit. Entrepreneurship is the process of being an entrepreneur, of gathering and allocating the resources—financial, creative, managerial, or technological—necessary for a new venture's success. One engages in entrepreneurship when one begins to plan an organization that uses diverse resources in an effort to take advantage of the newly found opportunity. It usually involves hard work, long hours, and, usually, the hope of significant financial return. More importantly, entrepreneurship is characterized by creative solutions to old or overlooked problems; ingenuity and innovation are the entrepreneur's stock in trade. By taking a new look at difficult situations, the entrepreneur discerns an opportunity where others might have seen a dead end.
I am really good because:
I Am -
Dedicated, Sincere and Friendly;
Able to quickly understand client's demand;
Committed to serve only the best without any excuse;
I Am ready to face any kind of critical or unfamiliar situations and to find the better way of solving.
Keywords of my Skill: CSS, HTML, JavaScript, Article, Copy writer,Blog writer, Web Content, Tutorial, Onsite & offsite SEO,Web Research, Data Entry, Email handling, Admin & Customer Support, Website Monitoring, Mathematics, Networking like CCNA & CCNP etc.
Web agency:
I can perform successfully for your own web agency.
Hour/day:
I can give your 4/5 hours per day
Great work relationship:
I will communicate with you everyday. It may become skype or oDesk message. I will take your suggestion if i think to need. I will support you the best work. So I think, Our relationship will become great.
Thursday 4 April 2013
Imagine Dragons
Just wanted to share my favorite song....hope you like it. This is my piano and vocal version of Demons by Imagine Dragons.
Imagine Dragons
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